Product Description:Protein thiol is a major redox signaling in the cellular processes. Modification of protein thiol by oxidative stress associate with the redox state in the cells. The approach of this kit is detecting the number of thiol residues accurately in order to study the redox state in oxidative stress environment.

Fig. 1 Redox States of Thiol group(s) in Protein

Mechanism of Thiol Modification with Protein-SHifter:

Fig. 2 Maleimido group of the Protein-SHifter binds to a free thiol group of a protein. The conjugate consists of a unique molecular weight that shifts properly in electrophoresis. Photocleavage method enhances membrane transcription efficiency in western blotting.

Visualization of Redox State of Thiol Residues in a Protein:

Fig. 3 One molecule of Protein-SHifter binds to one molecule of free-thiol in protein. The number of the conjugation is directly proportional to the number of free thiol as clear band-shift.

Detection of the number of thiol on the GAPDH in HeLa cell lysate:

1. Satoshi Hara,Tatsuya Nojima,Kohji Seio, Masasuke Yoshida,Toru Hisabori.”DNA-maleimide: An improved maleimide compound for electrophoresis-based titration of reactive thiols in a specificprotein” Biochimical et Biophysical Acta ,2013,1830(4) 3077.2. Satoshi Hara,Yuki Tatenaka, Yuya Ohuchi, Toru Hisabori,”Direct determination of the redox status of cysteine residues in proteins in vivo”. Biochimical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2014,In Press.3. Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Faisal Almansour, Camilla Cucinotta, Vladyslava Rybka, Lucia Marcocci,”Cell signaling promoting protein carbonylation does not cause sulfhydryl oxidation: Implications to the mechanism of redox signaling”. F1000Research 2017, 6:4554. Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Lucia Marcocci, Takashi Shimomura, Yuki Tatenaka, Yuya Ohuchi, Tinatin I. Brelidze. “Protein Redox State Monitoring Studies of Thiol Reactivity”. Antioxidants. 2019 May ;8(5): 143.

Q. What is the adequate concentration of proteins and thiols in my sample?A. Adjust the protein concentration about 0.1 to 1 mg / mL and the thiol concentration to 100 μmol / mL or less.Please refer to the following protocol for a quantification example of thiol concentration (for 96 well plate) using DTNB (product code: D029).1. Reagent and solution preparationRequired material: Reaction buffer (100 mmol / L sodium phosphate, pH 8.0, 1 mmol / L EDTA)A) 400 μmol / L DTNB solution(1) Weigh 4 mg DTNB [5,5′-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), Code: D029] and dissolve in 1 mL of reaction buffer. (10 mmol / L) solution (a)(2) Dilute the solution (a) 25 times with reaction buffer. Final concentration: 400 μmol / L* Prepare 0.1 mL of solution for each well. (ex. if you use 9 wells, please prepare about 1mL.)B) L-Cysteine standard solution(1) Dissolve 2.42 mg of L-Cysteine in 5 mL of reaction buffer to make 4 mmol / L of L-Cysteine solution. Solution (b)(2) Dilute 100 μL of Solution (b) with 900 μL of reaction buffer to make a 400 μmol / L of L-Cysteine solution. Dilute this solution twice in order to make L-Cysteine standard solution (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 0 μmol / L).C) Measurement samplePrepare several samples (cell lysate, protein solution, etc.) diluted with reaction buffer. (To measure at N = 3, prepare 350 μL or more.)2. Procedure(1) Add 100 μL of the measurement sample and L-Cysteine standard solution to each well of a 96-well microplate (Figure 1).(2) Add 100 μL of 400 μmol / L DTNB solution and mix by pipetting.(3) After incubating at room temperature for 15 minutes, measure the absorbance at 412 nm with a microplate reader.(4) Calculate the thiol concentration in the measurement sample from the L-Cysteine calibration curve (Figure 2).*Calculate the thiol concentration in the sample from the sample dilution ratio.